Third, Emmanuel Levinas follows after the work of Buber.25 While there are important distinctions between them, the general direction for Levinas, as for Buber, is dialogical. Levinas insists that face-to-faceness creates a generative openness for both parties, whereas the attempt to circumscribe in rigid ways the interaction leads to a closed totality that is authoritarian and is eventually given over to violence. While an ethical concern is surely central to Buber, Levinas is much more explicit